Archbishop Anthony Joseph Aneed (1879-1970) was Patriarch of the Byzantine Universal (Catholic) and Orthodox Church of the Americas, a church in which Prince-Abbot Edmond I held office. He was a member of the Order of the Crown of Thorns. In 1946 he was responsible for the re-establishment of the ecclesial jurisdiction of San Luigi in enthroning Prince-Abbot Edmond I as Archbishop.

Aneed was born in Beirut, Lebanon, on 27 February 1879. As a young man without material advantages, he obtained employment at the railway station there. However, he was also active as a layman in the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, one of the Eastern Catholic Churches in communion with the Holy See, and became a member of the Eastern Patriarchal Delegation to the Great Centennial in honour of the 1,500th anniversary of the death of St John Chrysostom. In 1908, he was a participant in a ceremony of the Delegation at the Sistine Chapel in Rome, presided over by Pope Pius X and with the participation of Patriarch Cyril VIII of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church and Metropolitan Archbishop Athanasius Sawoya of Beirut and Gebeil (Byblos). In this same year, Aneed was appointed as secretary to Archbishop Sawoya.

On 11 June 1909, at the Monastery of St. George, Makeen, Mt. Lebanon, Aneed was ordained priest by Archbishop Sawoya in the presence of Bishop Agapios Maloof of Baalbeck and a group of monks of the Order of St. Basil. At this time, his gifts as a singer were considered to be of particular value to the Church. However, he was soon advanced, on 29 October 1910, to the position of Exarch of the Archdiocese of Beirut and Gebeil, and in 1911 moved to the United States to begin this phase of his work.

Aneed settled in New York, and began missionary work in Brooklyn where Melkite parishes had started to form. Soon after his arrival, Archbishop Sawoya visited the United States (against the wishes of the Pope) and stayed with Aneed for some time. On 9 October, Archbishop Sawoya consecrated Aneed as Assistant Bishop in his private chapel at Brooklyn (see certificate of consecration, right). While Patriarch Cyril IX Mogabgab, Melkite Patriarch 1925-47, later recognized this consecration, the Holy See did not.

From March 1915, Aneed served the Syrian parish of St George’s Church, W. State Street, Milwaukee, as a priest. On 14 June 1918 he received formal permission to use the title Exarch from Archbishop Sebastian Messmer of Milwaukee. In the following year, Aneed visited Archbishop Sawoya in France, and published “Syrian Christians. A Brief History of the Catholic Church of St. George in Milwaukee, Wisc. and a Sketch of The Eastern Church” (St. George Church, Milwaukee 1919) with a preface by Messmer. In 1921, Aneed left Milwaukee to establish and pastor a new parish at St Ann’s, New London, Connecticut, where he would remain until 1934. Here, a new church was built and continues to exist today.

Returning to New York in that latter year, Aneed underwent subconditional consecration for ecumenical reasons from Archbishop Sophronios Bishara of The Holy Eastern  Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church in North America (The American Orthodox Catholic Church).

He was active as a priest in New York until 1942, when he moved to San Francisco and built up a ministry to expatriate Syrian-Lebanese Christians. Convinced that his flock was not adequately served by the extant denominations, and also that the Melkite Church must break from the subjugation of Rome, he sought a path to independence.

In those days, California was a lively gathering-place for clergy of the smaller denominations, and Aneed established co-operation with Archbishop Lowell Paul Wadle of the American Catholic Church of Laguna Beach and Archbishop Edgar Ramon Verostek of the North American Old Roman Catholic Church, as well as with Prince-Abbot Edmond I. The aforementioned prelates were to become members of the Order of the Crown of Thorns, as also several members of their flocks, although Archbishop Wadle led his particular so-called “American Chapter” of the OCT into a short-lived schism (he and his followers having been regarded as heretical by Prince-Abbot Edmond I, and therefore expelled in 1950-51). Further co-operation was secured with Archbishop Henry Kleefisch, an attorney who had received consecration from the Russian Orthodox Church and became a bishop under Aneed, Archbishop Wallace de Ortega Maxey of the Ancient Christian Fellowship and Apostolic Episcopal Church, and Bishop Charles Hampton, formerly of the Liberal Catholic Church. All of these bishops participated in subconditional consecration for ecumenical reasons, in order to secure acceptance of their ministry from the widest range of members of the mainstream denominations.

On September 10 1944, Aneed, Wadle and Verostek established the American Concordat Exarchate, with Aneed as its Exarch (a Codicil to this document was added in 1945 when Kleefisch and Hampton joined the organization). On the aforementioned date, the three bishops united their successions, and established The Byzantine Universal (Catholic) and Orthodox Church of the Americas from the foundation of Aneed’s work in California. It was stated that the object of this body was “to free the Melkite Church, if possible, from foreign domination, and to give it Freedom under the authority of Jesus Christ to go into all the world and preach the Gospel of the Love of God.” The intention was to restore the Melkite tradition to its position before union with Rome.

At a Synod on 1 April 1945, at St Francis’ Church, Laguna Beach, California (pictured left), Aneed was elected Primate of the Byzantine Universal (Catholic) and Orthodox Church of the Americas. He was enthroned as Patriarch Antionius Joseph I on 1 January 1946. On the same occasion, Aneed assisted by Wadle and Kleefisch conditionally consecrated Prince-Abbot Edmond I, appointing him Titular Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia in the Byzantine Catholic Church,  and enthroned him then and there as Grand Master of the Order of the Crown of Thorns and Archbishop of San Luigi. This was a formal re-establishment of the ecclesial jurisdiction of San Luigi after the repudiation of the Syrian Orthodox Church published in 1938.

On 29 August 1948, Aneed opened the Seminary of St Anthony, The Star of the Desert, at Sunnymead, California. By this time, the Concordat had expanded into the Federation of Independent Catholic and Orthodox Bishops (FICOB), a body into which bishops of other churches professing the Nicene Creed and practising the sacramental life were accepted and granted additional commissioning in the successions embodied therein. During the later 1950s, Herman Adrian Spruit became extremely active within this group. Just as with Wadle, Prince-Abbots Edmond I was concerned by, and Prince-Abbot Edmond II strongly opposed to, the liberal nature of Spruit’s profession of faith, and their correspondence reveals their reservations in some detail. It was for this reason that relations between the Federation and the Abbey-Principality did not prosper during the 1960s.

On 5 June 1960, Aneed celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of his priesting at the Cathedral of the Merciful Savior, San Diego, California, at a service that was attended by many of the clergy who had become associated with him, including Prince-Abbot Edmond I. By the following year he was reported by Prince-Abbot Edmond I to be in very poor health, and Deacon James B. Gillespie, (Officier OCT), then wrote of him, “Bp. Anthony is quite old but not always so inactive. He has been called a “true son of the desert”…When he does get a chance, he will celebrate in public, but he is rather far from an altar at the present time – except that in his home. Rome has courted him for years, but he will not relinquish his wife. It seems they made their last big attempt in 1955 through Bp. Buddy of San Diego.”

In September 1961, it was announced that Aneed would come out of retirement and take over the Church of the Merciful Savior in San Diego, but this appears to have been short-lived. At his death on 24 August 1970, he was survived by his wife, Helen, whose biography of him remains unpublished, and his jurisdictional successor was Herman Spruit. He continues to be memorialized by the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.

Dr Donald A. Reed (1935-2001) was admitted an Officier of the Order of Antioch by Prince-Abbot Edmond II at a ceremony in Hollywood on 15 August 1971. This admission was during the period when the Order had assumed a chivalric structure; it has since reverted to its original structure as a religious order.

Donald Reed was founder of the Count Dracula Society in 1962, which attracted the support of such names as Ray Bradbury and Rock Hudson, and was well known for its gatherings at which members would dress in the manner of the Count. A decade later, he established the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films, realizing that these genres were neglected by the mainstream of Hollywood’s film establishment. The Academy initiated the Saturn Awards for film, expanding in the 1980s to cover television and later to video and DVD releases. After the worldwide success of George Lucas’ “Star Wars” in 1977, the awards ceremony became a major event in Hollywood life and was covered on network television for several years, bringing us, amongst other gems, William Shatner’s melodramatic recitation of Elton John and Bernie Taupin’s “Rocket Man” (1978). The 38th Saturn Awards ceremony took place in 2012. The President’s Memorial Award is presented in honour of Dr. Reed and past recipients have included Woody Allen, Carrie Fisher, Steven Spielberg and Billy Bob Thornton.

A Los Angeles native, Reed earned his bachelor’s degree from Loyola University and then a masters in library science and Juris Doctor from the University of Southern California. His career was as a law clerk, law librarian and latterly educator, at Woodbury University, CalArts, Valley College and Columbia College. During the Vietnam War, he used his legal expertise to assist those who resisted being drafted into the army, and at one time considered a future in politics (he was a lifelong Democrat).

Film and television were his passions. In 1980, he founded the Academy of Family Films and Television and in 1982 the Council of Film Organizations. As well as work as a film reviewer, he was regarded as an expert on Count Dracula and knew personally many leading personalities within the science fiction, fantasy and horror worlds. His collection of Robert Redford materials was one of the largest assembled, and in 1975 he authored “Robert Redford: A Photographic Portrayal of the Man and his Films”. Away from the screen, he was President of the Calvin Coolidge Society.

He never fully recovered from a car accident in 1982 and passed away in 2001, being buried a few hundred yards from the original screen Dracula, Bela Lugosi. A documentary on him, entitled “My Life with Count Dracula” was released in 2003.

A Roman Catholic whose life was profoundly influenced by a meeting with Dorothy Day, Dr Reed received the title of Count. He was admitted to the San Luigi Orders alongside a fellow scholar of literary fantasy, Alvin F. Germeshausen.

>>Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy and Horror Films

>>Dr Reed at IMDb

>>Saturn Awards on Wikipedia

Dr Charles Boltwood (1889-1985) was Primus of the Free Protestant Episcopal Church and Rector of St Andrew’s Ecumenical Church Foundation Intercollegiate.

Boltwood’s spiritual path was complex. Outwardly, he was a conservative evangelical Anglican. However, he was also active as a Spiritualist, embraced Theosophy, and was for a time a bishop of Mar Georgius’s Catholicate of the West (q.v.)

Boltwood was born in Chelmsford. Little is known of his early years, except that he wrote fifty years later of having seen action in the First World War, and that “on the eve of the declaration of war, [my fiancee and I] sat together in the gardens at St Edmundsbury and read together the ninety-first psalm – truly every promise therein was fulfilled for us.” Although their wedding plans were postponed by his war service, he and his wife Frances (known as Mary Angela), who was an Archdeaconess of the FPEC, would later celebrate their golden wedding anniversary.

Between 1937 and 1941, under the pseudonym “Crusader”, he published six books through a small press in Thorpe-le-Soken that he claimed to consist of spiritual revelations transmitted to him by the late writer and social reformer Charles Kingsley, who had died in 1875.

In 1942, Boltwood began his educational work by founding the College of Spiritual Science, an alternative body that trained spiritual healers, psychotherapists and thalamopathists (a therapy involving the use of coloured lenses). At some point between 1946 and 1949, his work brought him into contact with Mar Georgius, and he was ordained and consecrated bishop within the Catholicate of the West, though by whom and exactly when is not known.

In 1950, Boltwood came into contact with the Free Protestant Episcopal Church of England when he took a Bachelor of Divinity course at its Nazarene College under the then-Primus William Hall. The FPEC had been founded in 1897 as the fusion of three small churches; the Nazarene Episcopal Ecclesia, founded in 1873 and based in a church on Kent House Road, Sydenham (its founder, James Martin (1843-1919), had also established the Nazarene College in 1890 from his home in Flaxman Road, Brixton), the Free Protestant Church of England (established in 1889 by the expatriate Armenian chorbishop Leon Checkemian (1848-1920)), and the Ancient British Church, which was the continuation of the 1866 Syrian-authorized mission of Mar Julius of Iona (Ferrette) under his eventual successor Charles Isaac Stevens (Mar Theophilus) (1835-1917). The latter two bodies were already in a concordat relationship dating from 1890.

The mission of the FPEC was to act as a reunion church among the various Protestant bodies, possessing valid Catholic sacraments and thus avoiding the objections raised by the Holy See to the Holy Orders of the Church of England. The 1662 Book of Common Prayer was the normative liturgy, while the 1878 Constitution and Canons of the Reformed Episcopal Church in Great Britain were adopted. Checkemian was elected the first Primus as Mar Leon, and the Pro-Cathedral of the church was St Stephen’s Church, East Ham. In 1900, Checkemian retired from the Primacy in favour of Stevens, also passing to him the headship of the United Armenian Catholic Church of the British Isles, a body for Armenian expatriates that he had founded in 1889. In 1917 the FPEC was legally recognized by the English courts when one of its clergymen was declared exempt from military service by virtue of his ordination.

Between 1909, when St Stephen’s was sold to a Spiritualist group, and 1919, the FPEC reverted to the church in Kent House Road as its place of worship. In the latter year, the mission church of St Andrew, at 26 Speldhurst Road, Hackney (known as the Church of Martin Luther), was acquired and was pastored by Stevens’ eventual successor, Andries Caarel Albertus McLaglen (1851-1928) until his death. The church then passed to the Rev. William Hall (1890-1959) of the FPEC, who had been ordained priest by Martin in 1915, and was also chaplain to Abney Park cemetery. In 1936, St Andrew’s Hackney was demolished as part of a housing development, and Hall purchased the former Primitive Methodist church in Stonebridge Road, Tottenham, which was renamed St Andrew’s Church in turn (pictured above). Meanwhile, McLaglen’s successor as Primus, Herbert James Monzani Heard (Mar Jacobus) (1866-1947), who was unsympathetic to Protestantism, had separated the FPEC from his other jurisdictions when in 1939 he had consecrated Hall and appointed him Primus in his stead. Hall, perhaps surprisingly for a clergyman of the FPEC, was an Anglo-Catholic in his churchmanship. The FPEC did not prosper, and by the late 1940s its continued existence appeared precarious.

Hall persuaded Boltwood to join the FPEC as well as maintaining his status within the Catholicate of the West, and on 3 May 1951 he was formally admitted to the FPEC, also being ordained and consecrated conditionally by Hall. On 25 March 1954, he was appointed Hall’s successor as Primus, since Hall was then undergoing surgery for cancer, and St Andrew’s Church, Tottenham, together with the Nazarene College, was transferred to his charge. Boltwood renamed the church St Andrew’s Collegiate Church. He succeeded Hall on his death in 1959. Between 1956 and 1960, the FPEC was formally affiliated with the work of Mar Georgius in the United Orthodox Catholic Church, and Mar Georgius had free use of St Andrew’s during that period, with one of his priests celebrating the Glastonbury Rite there on a Sunday morning while Boltwood took the evening service. The formal links were abandoned in October 1960, although there continued to be some interchange between the jurisdictions.

Boltwood was much involved with educational work. In addition to the Nazarene College, he inherited the (International) Free Protestant Episcopal University (which was stated to have been founded in 1898 by the three founders of the FPEC) and the James Martin Bible College. In 1953, he applied to trade under the name St Andrew’s College, but the name was refused by the Registrar of Business Names. The name St Andrew’s Correspondence College was allowed instead, but a year later, Boltwood was successfully prosecuted and fined for using the originally-proposed name of St Andrew’s College. This prompted him to establish his educational work on a firmer footing, and on 5 July 1955 he incorporated St Andrew’s Correspondence College (Tottenham) Ltd. as a nonprofit company, with which the Nazarene College was merged. This became a busy degree-granting entity, training many who could not at that time afford a conventional university education, as well as those who wished to study non-traditional disciplines that were not taught in the university sector.

In time, the Correspondence College became part of the St Andrew’s Foundation, an active body which held an annual Convocation at the church, followed by a dinner at the Bonnington Hotel, Bloomsbury (pictured left), and which maintained a Research Extension Fellowship (later St Andrew’s Ecumenical Intercollegiate Research Fellowship) of scholars, with lectures of various kinds being given at the church and offices maintained there for administration. The Research Fellowship and Associateship held an annual thesis competition for which medals and certificates of honour were awarded and described its objects as “to extend such knowledge as we have into deeper fields by research. In most subjects, man has yet to learn the hidden mysteries of life, but these researches should penetrate the laws of life in order to understand the divine purpose that they should fulfil. We do not want theses which advance the benefits, so-called, of drugs, or any form of distorted conceptions proclaimed as benefits to mankind. The subjects in which we are interested are: science; biochemistry; homoeopathy; naturopathy; biology; radiotherapy; psychiatry; psychology; chromotherapy; psycho-analysis; divine healing; metaphysics; psychotherapy; theology; philosophy; literature; arts and sciences; music.”

Boltwood would write of the College in 1964 that it had “embodied in its studies the light of divine intelligence, thus has provided more than the aspects of physiology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, theology, etc., because these sciences alone are incapable of solving even the simplest of our human problems.” The “Research Interpreter” served as the journal of record of these bodies and Miss Connie Godden served as treasurer and registrar for them. She would, in due course, become the second Mrs Boltwood. Involved from the 1950s were the late Bishop Frederick Charles King, who served as Vice-Chancellor of the San Luigi Orders until his death in 1985, and his wife Karla.

From 1958 onwards, when he first toured the United States, Boltwood began to expand the FPEC (also known by then as the Ecumenical Church Foundation) overseas, undertaking frequent travel abroad and consecrating a number of bishops for service in Europe, Africa and the Americas. His wife also travelled independently as part of the overseas missions. Although this work was prolific in building up what on paper was a substantial organization, in practice the affiliation of ministers who were already serving in other denominations did not result in substantial adherance and growth for the FPEC itself. The Tottenham church building had for some years established a fund for its repair and upkeep, but this failed to achieve its aims. Moreover, Boltwood’s health was failing, and he was compelled to lay aside some of his responsibilities on medical advice.

In 1966, the final Convocation at the Bonnington Hotel was held, and the Research Foundation closed down, their records being lodged at Somerset House. St Andrew’s was for a time placed under the charge of Fr. Michael Gifford, who established St Bernard’s Church of Divine Healing there in 1963, but this failed to prosper.

In 1967. St Andrew’s was sold to the Church of God, a Pentecostal group, but it was eventually demolished in 1985 as part of a housing redevelopment. Boltwood retired to St Leonard’s-on-Sea, eventually resigning as Primus in favour of his American bishop Albert J. Fuge, Sr., on 17 October 1978. The FPEC continued a very limited operation in London under Bishop Dr. Francis Thomas until the 1980s, and the International Free Protestant Episcopal University continued to confer some degrees during the 1970s.

Boltwood was extremely active in chivalric affairs, and received many honorary awards through his long career. He was admitted to the Order of the Crown of Thorns under Prince-Abbot Edmond I, though his relationship with the Grand Priory of England and Wales did not continue beyond the appointment of Mgr. Tull as Grand Prior in 1960. He was also responsible for some Orders of his own; the Order of Ursus, which was reported to be based at St Andrew’s Collegiate Church in 1952, was “preparing against the possibility of Atomic War and also against other world calamities.”

>>Free Protestant Episcopal Church website

General (4-star) Alexander Jacob Elshin (1865-1951) was a member of the Order of the Crown of Thorns. During the First World War, he commanded the XX Army Corps of the Russian Imperial Army.

He was born on August 13, 1865, in the city of Volojino, Russia.  He had three sons: George and Jacob (1892-1976, an artist, pictured left with his father in 1937) who survived him; and Alexander, who was killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918.

He graduated from the Naval Engineering Academy in 1886 and in 1894 from the General Staff Academy. During the Russo-Japanese War he commanded a regiment. During the First World War he commanded the Brigade of the 40th Division, the 42nd Division, and later the XX Army Corps. As commander of the 42nd Infantry Division, he received the St George Sword (formerly Gold Sword for Bravery) for his bravery and victory over the Germans. He was poisoned by gas on the German front during the First World War.

He became a naturalized citizen of the United States after the Russian Revolution. As a great humanitarian and scholar, General A.J. Elshin received an Honorary Membership in the American International Academy, Washington, D.C. He was made an honorary member of Andhra University, India, as a research scholar in 1937. He was Chairman of the National Russian Veterans Society.

He died on September 25, 1951, in Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. He is buried in the mausoleum of the Memorial Monument, Church of St. Nicholas, Washelli Cemetery, Seattle, Washington.

The first Royal Patron of the Order of the Crown of Thorns under the 1891 Antiochean foundation was King Aquiles (Achille) I of Araucania.

The Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia was established by French lawyer Orélie-Antoine de Tounens (regnal name Antoine I) in 1860 as the result of his election as king by a group of local tribal leaders in the Mapuche region, now part of Chile. He established his capital at Perquenco, minted coins with the name Nouvelle France, devised a national flag and founded chivalric orders, all with the aim of ensuring that the Mapuche nation could assert its independence and separate identity in the face of active hostility from its neighbours.

The Mapuche at that time were engaged in armed struggle against Chile and Argentina, which sought to conquer their lands. This resistance proved unsuccessful and within a year of his accession Chile had invaded and occupied the country and imprisoned King Orélie-Antoine I. Eventually released, he spent the remainder of his life in exile in France seeking to regain his kingdom. Before his death in 1878, he appointed a successor as king-in-exile, Gustave Achille Laviarde Colment (1841-1902), who succeeded him as Aquiles I. His subsidiary titles were Prince of Aucas, Duke of Kialeou and Count of Alsena. During his reign in exile, he made strenuous efforts to have the Kingdom and the rights of its people recognised by the French government, but without success. He was the last Araucanian king to appoint consuls in London and Rome.

Laviarde was of noble descent and was born in Rheims. He travelled widely as a young man and spent time in the service of the Bey of Tunis. Returning to Rheims, he was active in the support of the imperialist candidate for mayor, Edouard Werle, and pursued professional interests as a merchant. He allied himself with the Bonapartist cause and was an official invitee at the funeral of Emperor Napoléon III.

Laviarde is mentioned in the 1922 History of the OCT as being a Grand Cordon of the Constellation du Sud. This confraternity was established on 8 September 1875 in London, UK, by King Antoine I as a means of support for the kingdom. He was succeeded as its president by Laviarde upon his accession to the throne.

Interestingly, among the successors to King Aquiles in this presidency were two persons with close connection to the Abbey-Principality. These were M. Louis Druel (from 1917), founder-president of the Grande Prix Humanitaire de France et des Colonies (attached to the Abbey-Principality in 1899) and then from 1945, M. Louis-François Giraudot, who was the fourth Prince-Abbot of San Luigi between 1897 and his resignation in 1899. Both were, of course, also Patrons of the Order of the Crown of Thorns. Since then, the confraternity has changed its name to the present-day Société des médaillés de la Constellation du Sud. A diploma of the order issued by King Aquiles in favour of Enrique Laviarde may be seen above.

Dying on March 6 1902 without issue, King Aquiles’ heir in the Kingdom was Antoine Hippolyte Cros (Antoine II). The Kingdom continues to exist today and maintains an official website.

[Image credits: La vie rémoise: Jean-Yves Sureau]